"The Kierkegaard Library is a special collection that serves anyone interested in the writings and ideas of Søren Kierkegaard, the 19th-century Danish philosopher, and related thinkers. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Kierkegaard's reputation as a philosopher was first established in his native Denmark with his work Either/Or. Even after acknowledging that he had written these works, however, Kierkegaard insisted that they continue to be attributed to their pseudonymous authors. Søren Kierkegaard “The function of prayer is not to influence God, but rather to change the nature of the one who prays.” ... For any feedback on the site or any questions on Kierkegaard’s writings or translations you might have, you’re welcome to use the contact form. [9], Kierkegaard influenced 19th-century literature writers as well as 20th-century literature. See Julia Watkins, Kierkegaard (London and … Søren Kierkegaard was a 19th century Danish philosopher who has been called the "Father of Existentialism". Hegel emphasized universals; Kierkegaard argued for decision and commitment. However, Kierkegaard's attack upon Christendom, represented by the Danish National Church near the end of his life, did not endear him to many in the clergy and theological circles. “The greatest hazard of all, losing one’s self, can occur very quietly in the world, as if it were nothing … [20], In 1856, the Bavarian-born conservative politician and historian Joseph Edmund Jörg wrote an article discussing religious movements and events in Scandinavian history. The first collision occurred during his student days: he became estranged both from his father and from the faith in which he had been brought up, and he moved out of the family home. One exception to this is Anti-Climacus, a pse… Kierkegaard is also seen as an important precursor of postmodernism. Schrempf also spread a view of Kierkegaard significantly out-of-step from the mainstream, interpreting Kierkegaard's "subjectivity as truth" as a justification for his own religious disbelief.[20]. Search all of SparkNotes Search. Biography of Soren Kierkegaard, All Poems of Soren Kierkegaard his/her biography, comments and quotations. It is actually supposed to be by a Kierkegaard who has adopted a pseudonym...."[1]. Positively, the heart of his work lay in the infinite requirement and strenuous difficulty of religious existence in general and Christian faith in particular. Governed by contingency, yet in spirit soaring above the world, the human being finds himself torn asunder. [7] Existentialist (often called "humanistic") psychologists and therapists include Ludwig Binswanger, Viktor Frankl, Erich Fromm, Carl Rogers, and Rollo May. 68, no. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. As Walter Lowrie in his A Short Life of Kierkegaardtells us, “Kierkegaard seems to have gotten his wit and his outgoing traits from his mother, and yet he doesn’t really say an awful lot about her. Paul Ricoeur and Judith Butler wrote monographs drawing new attention to Kierkegaard's work, and a 1964 UNESCO colloquium on Kierkegaard in Paris ranks as one of the most important events for a generation's reception of Kierkegaard, which included a keynote speaker, Sartre who gave his lecture The Singular Universal, which solidified Kierkegaard's influence over existentialism. HE WAS THE FATHER OF EXISTENTIALISM. Existentialist philosophy’s core concern is the nature of … His wide-ranging works had lasting influence in philosophy, Protestant theology, literature, and cultural criticism. On the one hand, he often seemed to be moving away from the faith of his father and back toward it at virtually the same time. Search all of SparkNotes Search. Søren Kierkegaard’s influence on the thinking of Karol Nandrásky 27 3. The influence of Søren Kierkegaard Nandrásky expressed his personal relationship to Kierkegaard in his short essay O dojmoch z Dánska vo forme listu S. Kierkegaardovi. The other great Norwegian national writer and poet Bjornstjerne Bjornson (1832-1910) was also deeply inspired by Kierkegaard. His father, Michael Pedersen Kierkegaard, was a prosperous but retired businessman who devoted the later years of his life to raising his children. Since his time existential approaches to philosophy about life have grown very greatly in influence and also appeared in several forms influenced by numerous writers and thinkers. Søren Kierkegaard, in full Søren Aabye Kierkegaard, (born May 5, 1813, Copenhagen, Den.—died Nov. 11, 1855, Copenhagen), Danish philosopher, theologian, and cultural critic who was a major influence on existentialism and Protestant theology in the 20th century. Philosophers and theologians influenced by Kierkegaard include Hans Urs von Balthasar, Karl Barth, Simone de Beauvoir, Niels Bohr, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Emil Brunner, Martin Buber, Rudolf Bultmann, Albert Camus, Martin Heidegger, Abraham Joshua Heschel, Karl Jaspers, Gabriel Marcel, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Reinhold Niebuhr, Franz Rosenzweig, Jean-Paul Sartre, Joseph Soloveitchik, Paul Tillich, Malcolm Muggeridge, Thomas Merton, Miguel de Unamuno. 87-90. In his journals, he wrote: "What the age needs is not a genius—it has had geniuses enough, but a martyr, who in order to teach men to obey would himself be obedient unto death. history, philosophy Let us take a brief departure from politics to some theological history, shall we? Kierkegaard: Influences and Stages in Life Contemporary Theology I: Hegel to Death of God Theologies In our last lecture at the very end, I began to talk about the life and the writings of Søren Kierkegaard. There was an anonymous German review of Philosophical Fragments published in 1845 which subsequent scholarship believes was written by Beck. In December 1854 he began to publish dozens of short, shrill pieces insisting that what passed as Christianity in Denmark was counterfeit and making clear that Mynster and Martensen were responsible for reducing the religion to “leniency.” The last of these pieces was found on Kierkegaard’s desk after he collapsed in the street in October 1855. Søren A. Kierkegaard ‐ 1 ‐ Søren Kierkegaard (1813‐1855) Søren Kierkegaardʹs extensive catalogue of published and unpublished works had, both in Denmark and abroad, a profound influence on the theology, philosophy, and literature of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Kierkegaard's Writings IV, Part II: Either/Or Søren Kierkegaard. Suggestions Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. The Society was organized more formally under the leadership of Sylvia Walsh in 1990 and upholds its mission to… But at Mynster’s funeral Martensen, who had succeeded to the leadership of the Danish church, eulogized his predecessor as a “witness to the truth,” linking him to the martyrs of the faith; after this Kierkegaard could no longer keep silent. Darwin publishes Origin of Species. He wrote critical texts on organized religion, Christendom, morality, ethics, psychology, and the philosophy of religion, displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony, and parables. His fame as a philosopher grew tremendously in the 1930s, in large part because the ascendant existentialist movement […] Suggestions Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. [20], Early translations of Kierkegaard into German were restricted to his post-1850 material (The Moment, the attack on the Lutheran Church) and appeared in the 1860s. [4] Paul Feyerabend's epistemological anarchism in the philosophy of science was inspired by Kierkegaard's idea of subjectivity as truth. Søren Kierkegaard's influence and reception varied widely and may be roughly divided into various chronological periods. Søren Kierkegaard : biography 5 May 1813 – 11 November 1855 Influence Many 20th-century philosophers, both theistic and atheistic, and theologians drew concepts from Kierkegaard, including the notions of angst, despair, and the importance of the individual. But by 1838, just before his father’s death, he was reconciled both to his father and to the Christian faith; the latter became the idea for which he would live and die. Finally the celebrated Norwegian artist Edvard Munch(1863-1944) closely studied key conc… Søren Kierkegaard’s voluminous works, many of which were pseudonymous, included Either/Or (1843), Fear and Trembling (1844), Philosophical Fragments (1844), The Concept of Anxiety (1844), Stages on Life’s Way (1845), Concluding Unscientific Postscript (1846), Sickness unto Death (1849), and Training in Christianity (1850). The story of his life is a drama in four overlapping acts, each with its own distinctive crisis or “collision,” as he often referred to these events. Kierkegaard enrolled at the University of Copenhagen in 1830 but did not complete his studies until 1841. His religious This is perhaps due to the facts that Kierkegaard was shunned by the Danish State Church, one of the major institutions in Denmark at the time, as well as the relative obscurity of the Danish language, compared to languages such as German and English. While a student at the university, Kierkegaard explored the literary figures of Don Juan, the wandering Jew, and especially Faust, looking for existential models for his own life. The pseudonyms are best understood by analogy with characters in a novel, created by the actual author to embody distinctive worldviews; it is left to the reader to decide what to make of each one. Or as they're described in the paper as "players in a drama" with Kierkegaard as the director. "[17], Kierkegaard's relationship to feminism is a troublesome one, Kierkegaard has been described as misogynistic, making "snide comments about woman’s nature, mocking with utmost irony her “great abilities” and sneering at the possibility of her emancipation" although Dera Sipe of Villanova University states that viewing Kierkegaard as a "straight misogynist is highly problematic". Michael Kierkegaard was a deeply mel… Unamuno refers to Kierkegaard in his book, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFOstenfeldMcKinnon1972 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKierkegaard2001 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMatustikWestphal1995 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFUpdike1997 (, Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments. On the other hand, he often stressed that conversion is a long process. His father’s death in 1838 spurred him to complete his education, and he finished and defended a dissertation in philosophy, On the Concept of Irony, with Constant Reference to Socrates, in 1841. Saying in his will that he considered engagement as binding as marriage, he left all his possessions to Regine (she did not accept them, however, since she had married long before Kierkegaard died). By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Soren Kierkegaard biography Soren Kierkegaard was born on the 15 th of May 1813 in the Danish capital Copenhagen and into a wealthy and prominent merchant family that already included six children. Although in the last year of his life he wrote, “I dare not call myself a Christian,” throughout his career it was Christianity that he sought to defend by rescuing it from cultural captivity, and it was a Christian person that he sought to become. Distinguished Professor of Philosophy Emeritus, Fordham University. His fame as a philosopher grew tremendously in the 1930s, in large part because the ascendant existentialist movement pointed to him as a precursor, although later writers celebrated him as a highly significant and influential thinker in his own right. Søren Kierkegaard is a multifaceted author who has continued to interest, provoke and intrigue thinkers from a vast range of disciplines. In 1830 Kierkegaard went to study theology, philosophy and literature at the University of Copenhagen. It is also clear that this crisis triggered a period of astonishing literary productivity, during which Kierkegaard published many of the works for which he is best known: Enten-Eller: et livs-fragment (1843; Either/Or: A Fragment of Life), Gjentagelsen (1843; Repetition), Frygt og baeven (1843; Fear and Trembling), Philosophiske smuler (1844; Philosophical Fragments), Begrebet angest (1844; The Concept of Anxiety), Stadier paa livets vei (1845; Stages on Life’s Way), and Afsluttende uvidenskabelig efterskrift (1846; Concluding Unscientific Postscript). https://philosophynow.org/issues/99/Soren_Kierkegaard_1813-1855 The first period of literary activity (1843–46) was followed by a second (1847–55). Many 20th-century philosophers, both theistic and atheistic, drew concepts from Kierkegaard, including the notions of angst, despair, and the importance of the individual. Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (/ ˈ s ɔr ən ˈ k ɪər k ə ɡ ɑr d / or / ˈ k ɪər k ə ɡ ɔr /; Danish: [ˈsɶːɐn ˈkiɐ̯ɡəɡɒːˀ]) (5 May 1813 – 11 November 1855) was a Danish philosopher, theologian, poet, social critic, and religious author who is widely considered to be the first existentialist philosopher. If the broken engagement was the cloud that hung over the first literary period, the Corsair debacle was the ghost that haunted the second. In his journals Kierkegaard called Sickness unto Death an “attack upon Christendom.” In a similar vein, Anti-Climacus, the pseudonymous author of Indøvelse i Christendom (1850; Training in Christianity), declared the need “again to introduce Christianity into Christendom.” This theme became more and more explicit as Kierkegaard resumed his writing career. 1, 2013, pp. 2 Kierkegaard's trips to Berlin took place in 1841, 1843, 1845, and 1846. Martensen. Søren Kierkegaard was the seventh and last child of Michael Pedersen Kierkegaard, a wealthy businessman, and Ane Sørensdatter Lund, a household maid whom he first impregnated and then married within a year of his first wife’s death. [14] In America, interest in Kierkegaard was revived from the 1980s onwards, particularly by the American philosopher and curator of the Kierkegaard Library at St. Olaf College Gordon Marino, who has devoted several books and essays to Kierkegaard. Notes on Wittgenstein's Reading of Kierkegaard by Jens Glebe-Moeller. All references to Kierkegaard’s journals first give numbers in Søren Kierkegaard’s Journals and Papers followed by numbers in Søren Kierkegaards Papirer. It is supposed to be quite strange, the first part full of Don Juanism, skepticism, et cetera, and the second part toned down and conciliating, ending with a sermon that is said to be quite excellent. [10] Finally the celebrated Norwegian artist Edvard Munch (1863-1944) closely studied key concepts such as anxiety, and this influence is notable in some of his iconic paintings such as The Scream.[11]. He attacked the literary, philosophical, and ecclesiastical establishments of his day for misrepresenting the highest task of human existence—namely, becoming oneself in an ethical and religious sense—as something so easy that it could seem already accomplished even when it had not even been undertaken. Most notably are American theologians Paul Tillich and Lincoln Swain, and philosophers from Europe -- Karl Jaspers, Gabriel Marcel, Miguel de Unamuno -- and from Russia Nikolai Berdyaev. Søren Aabye Kierkegaard was an insightful and prolific mark that changed the Danish ‘golden age’ of enlightenment and his legacy still rings true throughout Western society. Instead of retiring, he picked a quarrel with The Corsair, a newspaper known for its liberal political sympathies but more famous as a scandal sheet that used satire to skewer the establishment. The article also detailed the controversy around his funeral. 1, 2013, pp. Eric Hamm, Søren Kierkegaard Newsletter, no. August Strindberg (1843-1912) found inspiration in Kierkegaard and the famous Norwegian dramatist and poet Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906) clearly seems to have been inspired by the Dane in famous works such as Brand. They had met in 1837, when she was only 15 years old, and had become engaged in 1840. Accordingly, he decided to publish Sygdommen til døden (1849; Sickness unto Death) under a pseudonym (as he had done with several previous works), lest anyone think he lived up to the ideal he there presented; likewise, the pseudonymous authors of his other works often denied that they possessed the faith they talked about. Enjoy these insightful quotes from his works: Don't forget to love yourself. The other great Norwegian national writer and poet Bjornstjerne Bjornson (1832-1910) was also deeply inspired by Kierkegaard. [1] Henriette Wulff, in a letter to Hans Christian Andersen, wrote, "Recently a book was published here with the title Either/Or! Another early mention of Kierkegaard in German is from Johann Georg Theodor Grässe, who included Kierkegaard briefly in an 1848 review of European literature. Author of. The whole book attracted much attention. "Kierkegaard and Feminism: A Paradoxical Friendship", On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates, De omnibus dubitandum est: Everything Must Be Doubted, The Crisis and a Crisis in the Life of an Actress, The Lily of the Field and the Bird of the Air, Three Discourses at the Communion on Fridays, Two Discourses at the Communion on Fridays, The Point of View of My Work as an Author, Thomasine Christine Gyllembourg-Ehrensvärd, Influence and reception of Søren Kierkegaard, Howard V. and Edna H. Hong Kierkegaard Library, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Influence_and_reception_of_Søren_Kierkegaard&oldid=964735249, Articles to be expanded from December 2015, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 27 June 2020, at 08:10. "[16] To some degree, Kierkegaard can be seen as one of the few philosophers to whom the simple analytic/continental divide does not fully apply. 68, no. As long as Mynster, the family pastor from his childhood, was alive, Kierkegaard refrained from personal attacks. His work remained limited to Scandinavia, but the 20th century saw the revival of his philosophy, as it influenced the West everlastingly. Schrempf's first translations appeared in 1890 and by 1922, he had completed translations of the entire set of Kierkegaard's published writings. August Strindberg (1843-1912) found inspiration in Kierkegaard and the famous Norwegian dramatist and poet Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906) clearly seems to have been inspired by the Dane in famous works such as Brand. Kierkegaard’s Christian philosophy may have been rejected by clergy, but he certainly influenced individual Christians who became enamored with his theology. Hamlet … [18] Sipe, after examining his essay on the suffragette movement and the seducer's diary and their misogynistic content, then pivots towards Kierkegaard's view on the Virgin Mary, mother of Jesus and Sarah, the young daughter of Raguel and Edna both of whom Kierkegaard considers to be knights of faith. They may have been contemporaries, but they developed their ideas in tremendously different circumstances and cultural backdrops. Heidegger was to acknowledge Kierkegaard’s masterly exploration of the human condition as one of ‘Angst’. Salinger and John Updike. He is widely regarded as the founder of Christian psychology and of existential psychology and therapy. Søren Kierkegaard advocated the development of one's cognitive processes rather than the end products of such processes. Anthony Rudd's book Kierkegaard and the Limits of the Ethical and Alasdair MacIntyre's discussion of Kierkegaard in After Virtue and A Short History of Ethics did much to facilitate Kierkegaard's legacy in ethical thought in analytic philosophy. In the non-pseudonymous The Point of View of My Work as an Author, he explained that the pseudonymous works are written from perspectives which are not his own: while Kierkegaard himself was a religious author, the pseudonymous authors wrote from points of view that were aesthetic or speculative. The final collision was with the Church of Denmark (Lutheran) and its leaders, the bishops J.P. Mynster and H.L. Kierkegaard's thought gained a wider audience with the translation of his works into German, French, and English. In between, he broke his engagement with Regine Olsen, thus initiating the second major collision of his life. "The book as a whole contains much information on the genesis of Existentialism and on Kierkegaard's role in it." 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